Puzzle at a Glance
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Puzzle Number in The Daily Telegraph
DT 28779 | |
Publication Date in The Daily Telegraph
Saturday, June 30, 2018 | |
Setter
Unknown | |
Link to Full Review
Big Dave's Crossword Blog [DT 28779 – Hints]Big Dave's Crossword Blog [DT 28779 – Review] | |
Big Dave's Crossword Blog Review Written By
Tilsit (Hints)gnomethang (Review) | |
BD Rating
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| Difficulty - ★★★ | Enjoyment - ★★★★ |
Falcon's Experience
┌────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┬────┐
███████████████████████████████████
└────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘
Legend:
█ - solved without assistance
█ - incorrect prior to use of puzzle solving tools
█ - solved with assistance from puzzle solving tools
█ - solved with aid of checking letters provided by puzzle solving tools
█ - solved but without fully parsing the clue
█ - unsolved or incorrect prior to visiting Big Dave's Crossword Blog
█ - solved with aid of checking letters provided by solutions from Big Dave's Crossword Blog
█ - reviewed by Falcon for Big Dave's Crossword Blog
█ - yet to be solved
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Notes
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As this was a Saturday "Prize Puzzle" in Britain, there are two entries related to it on Big Dave's Crossword Blog — the first, posted on the date of publication, contains hints for selected clues while the second is a full review issued following the entry deadline for the contest. The vast majority of reader comments will generally be found attached to the "hints" posting with a minimal number — if any — accompanying the full review.
This puzzle appears on the Monday Diversions page in the Saturday, November 24, 2018 edition of the National Post.
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Introduction
Even though I completed the puzzle, I found myself unable to parse 14a — severely hampered by a total lack of knowledge of the British television programme to which it alludes.Having enjoyed the video of British singer Kirsty MacColl posted by Tilsit in his hints, I researched her tragic death and its aftermath[7] which proved to be a sickening account of intolerable privilege and injustice even by Mexican standards.
I invite you to leave a comment to let us know how you fared with the puzzle.
Notes on Today's Puzzle
This commentary is intended to serve as a supplement to the review of this puzzle found at Big Dave's Crossword Blog, to which a link is provided in the table above.
Click here for an explanation of conventions and symbols used in explaining the parsing of clues.
The purpose of this article is to explain the conventions and symbols that I use on this blog in explaining the parsing of clues.
| Legend: The following symbols are used in reviews:
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The review of a clue takes the following general structure:
#a/d Clue containing parsing markup (num*)
* num = numeration
Explanations pertaining to the wordplay (or first definition in a double definition)
(Horizontal separator)
Explanatory Box
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| An explanatory box provides additional information about the clue. In most cases this information will not necessarily help in solving the clue but provides information about the clue. In the case of the weekday syndicated Daily Telegraph puzzles, such information is often intended to help the North American solver appreciate how the clue may be perceived by a British solver. These boxes may also provide information on people, places, films, television programmes, works of art and literature, etc. mentioned in the clue. Although the titles of these boxes will usually be drawn from a standard list, I do occasionally throw in a title specifically suggested by the subject at hand. The standard titles include:
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Note that there are many types of cryptic crossword clue and it is not my intention to exhaustively go through all of them here. I will only deal with clue types to the extent necessary to explain the conventions and symbols used on the blog. Furthermore, be aware that, in the world of cryptic crosswords, there seems to be an exception to every rule.
With one exception that I can think of, cryptic crossword clues provide two routes to the solution. These are commonly referred to as the definition and wordplay. While these terms serve well for most clues, there are some cases where the more formal terms of primary indication and subsidiary indication may be more appropriate.
Most cryptic crossword clues consist of a definition (primary indication) and wordplay (subsidiary indication). The definition may be a "precise definition" (a definition that is either taken straight from a dictionary or at least phrased in a non-misleading fashion) or it may be a "cryptic definition" (a definition misleadingly phrased so as to misdirect the solver either with respect to the meaning of the definition as a whole or to an incorrect sense of a word used in the definition).
The only type of clue that I can think of where there are not two ways of finding the solution are those in which the entire clue is a cryptic definition.
I identify precise definitions by marking them with a solid underline in the clue and cryptic definitions by marking them with a dotted underline.In clues in which both definition and wordplay are present, the two parts of the clue combine to provide an overall meaningful statement (the surface reading) which usually bears no relationship to the underlying cryptic reading of the clue. In some cases, an extra word or phrase will be inserted into the clue to create a meaningful link between the definition and wordplay. I define clues which contain such a link word or link phrase as having an explicit link and clues which contain no link word or link phrase as having an implicit link.
I mark the existence of an explicit link by enclosing the link word or link phrase between forward slashes (/link/) and mark the existence of an implicit link with double forward slashes (//) positioned between the definition and wordplay.
ExamplesI also use distinctive underlining to mark &lit.[7] and semi-&lit. clues. Note that the reviewers on Big Dave's Crossword Blog generally prefer to refer to these clue types by the less pretentious names of all-in-one or semi-all-in-one clues respectively.
A few examples may help to illustrate these points more clearly.
The first example is a clue used by Jay in DT 28573:
Here the definition is "a failure" which is marked with a solid underline to show that it is a precise definition. The wordplay parses as F (fellow; abbrev.) + L (left; abbrev.) + OP (work; abbrev. used in music) which gives us the solution F|L|OP. The double forward slashes (//) between the definition and wordplay indicate the existence of an "implicit link" between the two parts of the clue (that is, no extra words are inserted into the clue to form the link).
- 4d Fellow left work // a failure (4)
The second example is a clue used by Giovanni in DT 28575:
Here the definition "female going to match" is cryptic (the setter is attempting to misdirect our thoughts to a sports event rather than a marriage ceremony) and thus is marked with a a dotted underline. The wordplay is {RIDES (travels) + (with) MA (mother)} contained in (in) BID (advance) giving us the solution B(RIDES|MA)ID. As in the first example, the double forward slashes indicate the presence of an implicit link.
- 29a Female going to match // travels with mother in advance (10)
The third example is a clue used by Rufus is DT 28583:
Here the definition is "staggering" which is marked with a solid underline to show that it is a precise definition. The wordplay parses as N ([chess symbol for] knight) contained in (caught in) an anagram (misplaced) of BIG BLOW producing the solution WOBBLI(N)G. Finally, forward slashes mark the link word (/is/).
- 18d Knight caught by misplaced big blow /is/ staggering (8)
In an &lit. clue[7] (or all-in-one clue) the entire clue provides not only the definition (when read one way), but under a different interpretation also serves as the wordplay.
In future, I will mark such clues with a combined solid and dashed underline. Although this is a departure from past practice, it would seem to make more sense than using a dotted underline as I have in the past). Henceforth, the dotted underline will be reserved for cryptic definitions.In a semi-&lit. clue (or semi-all-in-one clue), either:
- the entire clue acts as the definition while a portion of the clue provides the wordplay; or
- the entire clue acts as the wordplay while a portion of the clue provides the definition.
For these clues, I will mark the definition with a solid underline and the wordplay with a dashed underline. This means that a portion of the clue may have a solid underline, a portion of the clue may have a dashed underline and a portion of the clue may have a combined solid and dashed underline.One final clue type is what I characterize as a cryptic definition comprised of a precise definition combined with cryptic elaboration. For example, in DT 28560 (setter unknown) the following clue appears:
- 26d Heroic exploit, whichever way you look at it (4)
Given the numeration, the precise definition could give rise to at least two solutions, DEED or FEAT. However, the 'cryptic elaboration' ("whichever way you look at it") indicates that the solution is a palindrome thereby immediately eliminating one of the two obvious choices.
Note that the part of the clue that I have called 'cryptic elaboration' does not provide a second independent route to the solution (as the wordplay would do in most other types of clue). Rather it merely provides a piece of additional information (elaboration) related to the 'precise definition'.
Again, this approach is a departure from past practice, but like the other changes mentioned previously is intended to remove inconsistencies in the way that I have been applying parsing markup to clues. The markup rules that I have been using until now evolved bit-by-bit over a long period of time resulting in some degree of internal inconsistency.
hide explanation
Across
1a Meant /to get/ lower classes free (10)
The term "lower classes" is a reference to the NRS social grades[7], a system of demographic classification used in the United Kingdom. The categories were originally developed by the National Readership Survey to classify readers, but are now used by many other organisations for wider applications and have become a standard for market research. They were developed over 50 years ago and achieved widespread usage in 20th Century Britain. The classifications, which are based on the occupation of the head of the household, are shown in the following table.
| Grade | Social class | Chief income earner's occupation |
|---|---|---|
| A | Upper middle class | Higher managerial, administrative or professional |
| B | Middle class | Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional |
| C1 | Lower middle class | Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial, administrative or professional |
| C2 | Skilled working class | Skilled manual workers |
| D | Working class | Semi and unskilled manual workers |
| E | Those at the lowest levels of subsistence | Casual or lowest grade workers, pensioners and others who depend on the welfare state for their income |
While I could see that "meant" and "deliberate" could both be synonyms for "intended", it took me a while to come up with a usage example in which the words were interchangeable.
Deliberate[5] is used in the sense of done consciously and intentionally ⇒
This perceived insult may not have been deliberate.
6a Cooker right /to make/ jelly (4)
Cooker[12] is a British term for a stove used for cooking food. While some dictionaries restrict the term cooker[5] to only appliances heated by gas or electricity, others extend the term cooker[10] to also include devices using oil and solid fuel.
The AGA cooker[7] (trademark) is a high-end
gas stove popular in medium to large British country houses — not to
mention British crosswords (show more ).
Brits use the term cooker[10] in the sense that North Americans use the word range, namely a stove used for cooking food. In Britain, the term range[5] has a much more restricted meaning, being a large cooking stove with burners or hotplates and one or more ovens, all of which are kept continually hot. This latter characteristic ("kept continually hot") seems to be the determining factor in deciding whether or not an appliance is considered to be a range. Thus stoves heated by solid fuel (wood or coal) and oil would almost certainly be ranges while stoves heated by gas or electricity would generally not be ranges (provided that the burners and ovens could be turned off when not in use).
As a heat storage stove, the AGA cooker works on the principle that a heavy frame made from cast iron components can absorb heat from a relatively low-intensity but continuously-burning source, and the accumulated heat can then be used when needed for cooking. Thus it is considered to be a gas burning range in Britain.
Its popularity in certain parts of English society (owners of medium to large country houses) led to the coining of the term "AGA Saga" in the 1990s, referring to a genre of fiction set amongst stereotypical upper-middle-class society.
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Brits use the term cooker[10] in the sense that North Americans use the word range, namely a stove used for cooking food. In Britain, the term range[5] has a much more restricted meaning, being a large cooking stove with burners or hotplates and one or more ovens, all of which are kept continually hot. This latter characteristic ("kept continually hot") seems to be the determining factor in deciding whether or not an appliance is considered to be a range. Thus stoves heated by solid fuel (wood or coal) and oil would almost certainly be ranges while stoves heated by gas or electricity would generally not be ranges (provided that the burners and ovens could be turned off when not in use).
As a heat storage stove, the AGA cooker works on the principle that a heavy frame made from cast iron components can absorb heat from a relatively low-intensity but continuously-burning source, and the accumulated heat can then be used when needed for cooking. Thus it is considered to be a gas burning range in Britain.
Its popularity in certain parts of English society (owners of medium to large country houses) led to the coining of the term "AGA Saga" in the 1990s, referring to a genre of fiction set amongst stereotypical upper-middle-class society.
hide
Agar[5] (also called agar-agar) is a gelatinous substance obtained from certain red seaweeds and used in biological culture media and as a thickener in foods.
9a Prospect /of/ time filling in travel document (5)
The word "of" is used as a link word between the definition and wordplay. (show explanation )
When used as a link word, "of" denotes that the definition is formed from the constituent parts found in the wordplay.
This is based on the preposition of[5] denoting the material or substance constituting something ⇒ (i)
hide explanation
When used as a link word, "of" denotes that the definition is formed from the constituent parts found in the wordplay.
This is based on the preposition of[5] denoting the material or substance constituting something ⇒ (i)
the house was built of bricks; (ii)
walls of stone.
hide explanation
10a Rails bearing one by top of stairs? (9)
This is what is known technically as an &lit. clue[7] (or, less technically, as an all-in-one clue). The entire clue — under different interpretations — provides both the wordplay and the definition.
The clue relies on a meaning for rail[1] that I was able to find nowhere other than The Chambers Dictionary:
rail2 verb, intransitive to scoff; to use vigourously or mockingly reproachful language; to banter; to revile (usually with at or against)As an initial letter indicator, top[10] is used in the sense of beginning ⇒ (i)
the top of the hour; (ii)
at the top of the programme; (iii)
let's run through the piece once more time from the top.
12a Garden role not adapted /by/ urban area (7,6)
The word "by" is used as a link word between the wordplay and definition (show explanation )
I can see a couple of possible explanations for the use of the word "by" as a link word.
By[5] might be indicating a term to which an interpretation is to be assigned ⇒
In this case, depending on the order in which the definition and wordplay appear in the clue, the structure of the clue could be generallized as either:
Alternatively, by[5] could be indicating the means of achieving something ⇒
In this case, the structure of the clue could be generallized as either:
I can see a couple of possible explanations for the use of the word "by" as a link word.
By[5] might be indicating a term to which an interpretation is to be assigned ⇒
what is meant by ‘fair’?
In this case, depending on the order in which the definition and wordplay appear in the clue, the structure of the clue could be generallized as either:
- {The solution given by the definition} is an interpretation of {the wordplay}
- {The wordplay} is an interpretation of {the solution given by the definition}
Alternatively, by[5] could be indicating the means of achieving something ⇒
malaria can be controlled by attacking the parasite.
In this case, the structure of the clue could be generallized as either:
- {The solution given by the definition} is a means of achieving {the wordplay}"
- {The wordplay} is a means of achieving {the solution given by the definition}"
Greater London[5] is a metropolitan area comprising central London and the surrounding regions. It is divided administratively into the City of London*, thirteen inner London boroughs, and twenty outer London boroughs.
* not to be confused with the "city of London" (show explanation )
The City of London[7] is a city and ceremonial county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the conurbation has since grown far beyond the City's borders. The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. It is one of two districts of London to hold city status, the other being the adjacent City of Westminster.
It is widely referred to simply as the City (often written as just "City" and differentiated from the phrase "the city of London" by capitalising "City") and is also colloquially known as the Square Mile, as it is 1.12 sq mi (2.90 km2), in area. Both of these terms are also often used as metonyms for the United Kingdom's trading and financial services industries, which continue a notable history of being largely based in the City. This is analogous to the use of the terms Wall Street and Bay Street to refer to the financial institutions located in New York and Toronto respectively.
hide explanation
The City of London[7] is a city and ceremonial county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the conurbation has since grown far beyond the City's borders. The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. It is one of two districts of London to hold city status, the other being the adjacent City of Westminster.
It is widely referred to simply as the City (often written as just "City" and differentiated from the phrase "the city of London" by capitalising "City") and is also colloquially known as the Square Mile, as it is 1.12 sq mi (2.90 km2), in area. Both of these terms are also often used as metonyms for the United Kingdom's trading and financial services industries, which continue a notable history of being largely based in the City. This is analogous to the use of the terms Wall Street and Bay Street to refer to the financial institutions located in New York and Toronto respectively.
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14a Pointless friend losing head and gathering speed /for/ Armstrong, perhaps? (8)
This clue certainly adheres to the principles of the obscure (to a North American audience) television show to which it alludes.
Pointless[7] is a quiz show that has aired on the BBC since 2009. The object of the game is for contestants not only to provide correct answers, but also provide the most obscure possible correct answers. A high score (to a maximum of 100 points) is awarded for well-known answers and a low score for obscure answers. The team with the lowest score is the winner. The maximum score of 100 points is also awarded for an incorrect answer.
The main presenter [principal host] of the programme is British comedian Alexander Armstrong[7] and the co-presenter (who one might consider to be a sidekick or friend) is the show's creator, Richard Osman[7].
The name Armstrong juxtaposed with the name of the televison programme would likely be meaningful to British solvers but is certainly obscure to the nth degree on this side of the pond.
Neil Armstrong[5] (1930–2012) was an American astronaut. He commanded the Apollo 11 mission, during which he became the first man to set foot on the moon (20 July 1969).
15a Remained // sober as reported (6)
17a Residential area // as far as the outskirts of Wigan (6)
Uptown[5] is a North American term for the residential area of a town or city ⇒ (i)
Cambridge's uptown; (ii) [as a modifier]
uptown Manhattan.
Scratching the Surface
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| Wigan[5] is a town and metropolitan district in north-western England, near Manchester. |
19a Mother crossing on old airline /gets/ night light (8)
Mom[2,10] is a mainly US and Canadian* informal word for mother. The usual British spelling would be mum[5].
* On the other hand, Oxford Dictionaries declares mom[5] to be a British and North American informal or dialect word for one's mother.
BEA[5] is the abbreviation for British European Airways[7], a British airline which existed from 1946 until 1974.
21a Avant-garde recordings // could be so ... um ... eccentric (8,5)
Concrete music[5] is another term for musique concrète[5], music constructed by mixing recorded sounds, first developed by experimental composers in the 1940s.
I think it should be obvious to readers that gnomethang, in his review on Big Dave's Crossword Blog, has mistakenly used ERRATIC where he should have used ECCENTRIC.
24a Old fusspot forgetting answer -- that is coming in // handy (9)
25a In agreement // to make amends (5)
26a Number // regularly found in Indian tea (4)
27a Throws away meal given king -- // not the finest cut of meat (5,5)
Tea may be a meal as well as a drink, especially in Britain. (more )
The British distinguish between afternoon tea and high tea, although both may be referred to simply as tea[10]. Afternoon tea[2,5,7,10] (or low tea) is a light afternoon meal, typically eaten between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm, at which tea, sandwiches, biscuits [British term for cookies or crackers] and cakes are served.
High tea[7] (also known as meat tea) is the evening meal or dinner of the working class, typically eaten between 5:00 pm and 7:00 pm. It typically consists of a hot dish such as fish and chips, shepherd's pie, or macaroni cheese [macaroni and cheese to North Americans], followed by cakes and bread, butter and jam. Occasionally there would be cold cuts of meat, such as ham salad. Traditionally high tea was eaten by middle to upper class children (whose parents would have a more formal dinner later) or by labourers, miners and the like when they came home from work. The term was first used around 1825 and high is used in the sense of well-advanced (like high noon, for example) to signify that it was taken later in the day.
hide explanation
The British distinguish between afternoon tea and high tea, although both may be referred to simply as tea[10]. Afternoon tea[2,5,7,10] (or low tea) is a light afternoon meal, typically eaten between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm, at which tea, sandwiches, biscuits [British term for cookies or crackers] and cakes are served.
High tea[7] (also known as meat tea) is the evening meal or dinner of the working class, typically eaten between 5:00 pm and 7:00 pm. It typically consists of a hot dish such as fish and chips, shepherd's pie, or macaroni cheese [macaroni and cheese to North Americans], followed by cakes and bread, butter and jam. Occasionally there would be cold cuts of meat, such as ham salad. Traditionally high tea was eaten by middle to upper class children (whose parents would have a more formal dinner later) or by labourers, miners and the like when they came home from work. The term was first used around 1825 and high is used in the sense of well-advanced (like high noon, for example) to signify that it was taken later in the day.
hide explanation
"king" = K (show explanation )
K[5] is an abbreviation for king that is used especially in describing play in card games and recording moves in chess.
hide explanation
K[5] is an abbreviation for king that is used especially in describing play in card games and recording moves in chess.
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Chuck steak[10] is another name for chuck[5], a cut of beef that extends from the neck to the ribs, typically used for stewing.
Down
1d Female captivates very // peaceful type (4)
"very" = V (show explanation )
The abbreviation v (or v.)[1,2,5,10] stands for very. Although this definition is found in most of my British dictionaries, it does not appear in any of my American dictionaries. Unfortunately no explanation is given as to the specific context in which one might encounter this usage. The only possibility that I can imagine is when combined with G as a grade of VG (very good) on school tests or assignments.
hide explanation
The abbreviation v (or v.)[1,2,5,10] stands for very. Although this definition is found in most of my British dictionaries, it does not appear in any of my American dictionaries. Unfortunately no explanation is given as to the specific context in which one might encounter this usage. The only possibility that I can imagine is when combined with G as a grade of VG (very good) on school tests or assignments.
hide explanation
2d Rang a salad bar up reserving // pasta dish (7)
The solution is hidden (reserving) and reversed (up; in a down clue) in "rANG A SALad bar". Even though the hidden word does not actually extend into the word "bar", its use in the clue is permissible as the term "salad bar" functions as an entity.
Should you peruse the comments on Big Dave's Crossword Blog, you will see at least one remark concerning the spelling of lasagna. It would seem that lasagne is the preferred British spelling* of the Italian dish that, in North America, is more apt to be spelled lasagna. Of course, in Italy, lasagna is the plural of lasagne[8].
* In Britain, lasagna is an alternative spelling of lasagne[4] while, in North America, lasagne is an alternative spelling of lasagna[3].
3d British hail American // dystopian novel (5,3,5)
Ave[5] is a literary term used to express good wishes on meeting or parting.
Brave New World[7] is a novel written in 1931 by English author Aldous Huxley (1894–1963), and published in 1932. Set in London in the year AD 2540 (632 A.F.—"After Ford"—in the book), the novel anticipates developments in reproductive technology, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation, and classical conditioning that are combined to profoundly change society.
4d Subject of jokes in actual // denial (8)
5d Singer /from/ English National Opera visiting Turkey (5)
English National Opera[7] (ENO) is an opera company based in London, resident at the London Coliseum in St Martin's Lane. It is one of the two principal opera companies in London, along with The Royal Opera, Covent Garden.
The International Vehicle Registration (IVR) code for Turkey is TR[5].
7d When weather is miserable // it sounds first-class (4,3)
8d Rebellion lacking enthusiasm /for/ old comedy programme (6,4)
Damp[11] is used in the sense of unenthusiastic, dejected, or depressed ⇒
a rather damp reception.
Rising Damp*[7] is a British sitcom originally broadcast from 1974 to 1978. The programme revolves around a miserly, seedy, and ludicrously self-regarding landlord of a run-down Victorian townhouse who rents out his shabby bedsits to a variety of tenants.
* Rising damp[5] is a British term for moisture absorbed from the ground into a wall ⇒
he is looking at ways to halt rising damp.
11d Filming top actors -- // they have meteoric careers (8,5)
In the cryptic definition, career[10] is used in the sense of a course or path, especially a swift or headlong one.
13d Shield // wounded guerrilla imprisoned by flipping beak (10)
"guerrilla" = CHE (show explanation )
Che Guevara[7]
(1928–1967) was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author,
guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the
Cuban
Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural
symbol of rebellion and global insignia within popular culture.
hide explanation
Che Guevara[7]
(1928–1967) was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author,
guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the
Cuban
Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural
symbol of rebellion and global insignia within popular culture.hide explanation
16d Company brought up articles about // improving superficial appearance (8)
18d Camping equipment -- // something to bowl at, taking wicket ultimately (4,3)
A tenpin[10] is one of the pins used in tenpin bowling.
Tent pin[1] is another name for tent peg.
Scratching the Surface
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| The surface reading of the latter part of the clue is intended to suggest cricket where the phrase take a wicket[5] means to dismiss a batsman which could be accomplished, for example, by bowling a ball past the batsman and knocking down the wicket. |
20d Surround // space nearby (7)
In printing, the en[5] is a unit of measurement equal to half an em and approximately the average width of typeset characters, used especially for estimating the total amount of space a text will require.
22d Support article that's reduced // effective powers (5)
In golf, tee[5] can denote either:
- a cleared space on a golf course, from which the ball is struck at the beginning of play for each hole
- a small peg with a concave head which can be placed in the ground to support a golf ball before it is struck from a tee
23d Stupid person // preserved beef (4)
According to Collins English Dictionary, jerk[10] is mainly US and Canadian slang for a person regarded with contempt, especially a stupid or ignorant person. However, if I were to write the definition, I would say that a jerk is a rude and inconsiderate person, especially one who deliberately acts in such a manner.
Jerk[10] is another name for jerky.
Key to Reference Sources:Signing off for today — Falcon
[1] - The Chambers Dictionary, 11th Edition
[2] - Search Chambers - (Chambers 21st Century Dictionary)
[3] - TheFreeDictionary.com (American Heritage Dictionary)
[4] - TheFreeDictionary.com (Collins English Dictionary)
[5] - Oxford Dictionaries (Oxford Dictionary of English)
[6] - Oxford Dictionaries (Oxford American Dictionary)
[7] - Wikipedia
[8] - Reverso Online Dictionary (Collins French-English Dictionary)
[9] - Infoplease (Random House Unabridged Dictionary)
[10] - CollinsDictionary.com (Collins English Dictionary)
[11] - TheFreeDictionary.com (Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary)
[12] - CollinsDictionary.com (Webster’s New World College Dictionary)
[13] - MacmillanDictionary.com (Macmillan Dictionary)
[14] - CollinsDictionary.com (COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary)
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